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Electrical Measurements and Measuring Instruments

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Electrical Measurements and Measuring Instruments 

Electrical measurements(EMS) is part of instrumentation and control engineering which gives you a wide information about the measuring methods and measuring instruments.It is more used in the engineering fields.Basically study of Electrical Measurements and measuring instruments covers the idea and methodology of Units, dimensions and standards,measurement and measurement systems, instrument transformers, potentiometers, measuring instruments, magnetic measurements, resistance measurement, illumination, measurement of high voltages, cathode ray oscilloscope(CRO), inductance and capacitance measurement, digital measurements of electrical quantities and so on the books which gives the use full idea about electrical measurements is A.K.Shwaney's and R.K Rajput's Electrical measurements and measuring instruments. 
     In general a measuring instrument consisting of five major parts they are:-
  • data presentation element
  • content transmission element 
  • manipulating element
  • conversation element
  • sensing element 

A Measurement have always three different modes of operation primary,secondary and tertiary measurement and two different methods they are direct and indirect method.
Now what is an instrumentation?,Instrumentation is nothing but controlling and measuring of some chemical and physical quantities using instruments. 
Measurement is a criteria of comparing the results or quantity of predefined standard with unknown quantities it gives a well defined phenomenons in various quantitative terms.Every instruments will have errors some of the common sources of errors are errors comes from human observation, error occur from designing, error in response time, noise errors,measuring system, transmission error, receiving error.Basically errors are classified into three gross errors, systematic error and random error the systematic errors are further classified into three types they are instrumental error, environmental error, observational error. 
There are so many measuring instruments are used in various industries and factories; galvanometers, tachometers, wattmeters, voltmeters, ammeters are used in this electrical measurements and measuring instruments calibration of this instruments with known standards, uses, application, drawbacks and all are explained.The various types of instruments are various by their nature of working and all.Measuring instruments are of the type digital and analog. The measuring instruments have two characteristics they are static characteristics and dynamic characteristics, some of the static characteristics are accuracy and precision, sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis, threshold and resolution, dead zone and dead time, noise, loading effects, repeatability, drift, re-productivity, range and span, scale readability, accuracy, errors and correction, static calibration.Some of the dynamic characteristics are second order system responses, dynamic response, dynamic analyses, dynamic characteristics of a measurement system, first order system responses, (zero,first and second order system).
[Reference:-Electrical measurements and measuring instruments by R.K.Rajaput]


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